Defining theory

Payne (2020) defines theory as “a generalized set of ideas that describes and explains our knowledge of the world around us in an organized way. A social work theory is one that helps us to do or to understand social work. A social work practice theory describes and explains what actions to take when doing social work” (p.5).

There are several approaches to social work practice (Payne, 2020):

• Perspective
  • The lens we use to see the world, which impacts approaches to social work practice; includes the types of theories and models utilized in professional practice.
• Model
  • A model is a blueprint or guide that includes techniques and actions. Practice models can be viewed as a step by step process for client sessions. Examples of models include task-centered practice, solution-focused, problem-solving, crisis intervention, etc.
• Explanatory theory
  • Explanatory theories examine the “whys.” Cognitive-behavioral theory is an example of an explanatory theory.

Theory seeks to:

1. Frame the problem and underlying cause.
2. Identify any other issues associated with the problem.
3. Identify where changes might occur.
4. Explain human behavior.

Levels of theory

Meta (Grand) Theories:

• Overarching broad theories and explanations of development and human systems at the societal level. Examples include human development, life span model, ecological theory, and systems theory.

Middle-Range Theories:

• Theories of phenomena or systems. Helps explain specific behaviors of specific systems. Examples include behaviorism, social learning, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, moral development theories, and attachment theory.

Micro Theories:

• Practice frameworks. Examples include solution-focused therapy, play therapy, attachment-focused therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Theories on the exam

Refer to the ASWB Content Areas for the theories that might be included in the exam: Content Outlines.

Free Resources

Overview of Theories of Human Behavior and the Social Environment

Human Behavior and the Social Environment

Personality Theories

Lifespan Development: A Psychological Perspective

Reference

Payne, M. (2020). Modern social work theory (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.