4 Revisiting Theory
Alexandria Lewis
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Defining theory
Payne (2020) defines theory as “a generalized set of ideas that describes and explains our knowledge of the world around us in an organized way. A social work theory is one that helps us to do or to understand social work. A social work practice theory describes and explains what actions to take when doing social work” (p.5).
There are several approaches to social work practice (Payne, 2020):
- Perspective
- The lens we use to see the world, which impacts approaches to social work practice; includes the types of theories and models utilized in professional practice.
- Model
- A model is a blueprint or guide that includes techniques and actions. Practice models can be viewed as a step by step process for client sessions. Examples of models include task-centered practice, solution-focused, problem-solving, crisis intervention, etc.
- Explanatory theory
- Explanatory theories examine the “whys.” Cognitive-behavioral theory is an example of an explanatory theory.
Theory seeks to:
- Frame the problem and underlying cause.
- Identify any other issues associated with the problem.
- Identify where changes might occur.
- Explain human behavior.
Levels of theory
Meta (Grand) Theories:
- Overarching broad theories and explanations of development and human systems at the societal level. Examples include human development, life span model, ecological theory, and systems theory.
Middle-Range Theories:
- Theories of phenomena or systems. Helps explain specific behaviors of specific systems. Examples include behaviorism, social learning, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, moral development theories, and attachment theory.
Micro Theories:
- Practice frameworks. Examples include solution-focused therapy, play therapy, attachment-focused therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Theories on the exam
Refer to the ASWB Content Areas for the theories that might be included in the exam: Content Outlines.
Free Resources
Overview of Theories of Human Behavior and the Social Environment
Human Behavior and the Social Environment
Lifespan Development: A Psychological Perspective
Reference
Payne, M. (2020). Modern social work theory (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.